The correlation between the ionic degree of covalent bond comprising polymer main chain and the ionic yield due to mechanical fracture

The mechanical force to polymeric materials in vacuum at 77 K produces mechano radicals, mechano anions and mechano cations due to homogeneous and heterogeneous scissions of the covalent bonds comprising polymer main chain. The ionic degree of the covalent bond was estimated by calculating the “absolute ΔMulliken atomic charge,” which was defined as the difference between the Mulliken atomic charges of the two adjacent atoms comprising the covalent bond of the polymer main chain. The ionic yield of the covalent bond increased with increasing the absolute ΔMulliken atomic charge. The empirical formula for the ionic yield was obtained with the absolute ΔMulliken atomic charge, and indicates that the ionic yield could be estimated from its chemical structure.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): A versatile and forceful tool for functional membranes

The progress in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) provides an effective means for the design and preparation of functional membranes. Polymeric membranes with different macromolecular architectures applied in fuel cells, including block and graft copolymers are conveniently prepared via ATRP. Moreover, ATRP has also been widely used to introduce functionality onto the membrane surface to enhance its use in specific applications, such as antifouling, stimuli-responsive, adsorption function and pervaporation. In this review, the recent design and synthesis of advanced functional membranes via the ATRP technique are discussed in detail and their especial advantages are highlighted by selected examples extract the principles for preparation or modification of membranes using the ATRP methodology.     

Thermal Analysis of Charcoal from Fast-Growing Eucalypt Wood: Influence of Raw Material Moisture Content

This study aimed to investigate the influence of raw material moisture content on the properties of charcoal from fast-growing Eucalyptus benthamii wood. For that, three treatments were performed with 0, 30, and 50% in relation to the wet basis moisture of the wood samples. The carbonization process used an electric kiln with a heating rate of 1.60°C min^?1, initial temperature of 25 to 600°C at the end, kept constant at that temperature for two hours. Variables were statistically analyzed for charcoal yield, non-condensable gases, liquor, and fixed carbon and properties: fixed carbon content, volatile, ash, bulk density, and moisture content of charcoal. According to the results, the charcoal produced from dry wood presented the highest properties, yet the charcoal produced from wood with 30% moisture content showed similar properties.     

延迟焦化装置辐射炉进料增加轻蜡油的技术改造分析

在对中石油西北某厂延迟焦化装置进行的扩能改造中,采用了辐射炉增加轻蜡油的工艺技术。改造结果说明,利用轻蜡油循环,改变辐射进料循环比,增产汽柴油收率并降低能耗,经济效益显著。     

ClO2耦合超声波破解污泥回流SBR系统的隐性生长污泥减量研究

为了考察系统污泥减量效果及污泥回流对系统污水处理效果的影响,探讨实现污泥减量的机制,将70％剩余污泥经ClO2耦舍超声波处理后回流至SBR中试系统,运行30d,测定系统累计排泥量、系统出水水质、污泥活性、污泥沉降性能等指标。结果表明,经ClO2耦合超声波处理后的剩余污泥回流至系统后,产泥量减少了54．86％。污泥回流对SBR系统的SS、CODCr、NH3-N和TN去除效果无影响,对TP的去除率有所降低。当量表观污泥产率从对照组的0．410kg[SS]／kg[CODCr]降低到了0．186kg[SS]／kg[CODCr],当量衰减系数由对照组的0．0360d—I提高到0．0602d-1。系统能保证出水水质稳定。污泥减量效果显著。     

唐家河选煤厂煤泥水系统改造

分析了唐家河选煤厂煤泥水系统工艺流程,并在此基础上进行了煤泥水采样试验研究。结果表明:中矸煤泥水灰分高于原生煤泥灰分,直接进入浓缩机会造成精煤损失,降低尾煤灰分;进入中煤和矸石段的悬浮液较多,悬浮液中-0.3 mm粒级未得到有效分选;浮选尾矿灰分高于压滤煤泥灰分;中矸浓缩旋流器溢流、中矸高频筛筛下水直接进入浓缩机是造成唐家河选煤厂尾煤灰分偏低的主要原因。通过将中矸浓缩旋流器溢流、中矸高频筛筛下水导入浮选系统,在浮选机原有一、二室通道基础上增加通过面积,即一、二室小流量短路改造,实现了尾煤灰分、精煤产率和入浮煤泥量的提高。改造后,在精煤灰分相近的情况下,唐家河选煤厂浮选尾煤灰分提高了7.28%,每年增加精煤销售收入555.98万元。     

煤焦油加氢转化技术

分析了国内已经研究开发的煤焦油加氢转化技术,按照各技术的特点和轻油产品收率将现有煤焦油加氢转化技术划分为轻馏分油固定床加氢精制、减压馏分油固定床加氢裂化、全馏分油固定床加氢裂化、延迟焦化-固定床加氢裂化联合加工、悬浮床和沸腾床加氢裂化5类技术,分别介绍了每种技术的工艺流程特点和发展状况,分析了各自的优缺点、局限性、技术难点和实用性。建议今后应关注煤焦油生产芳烃产品、酚类产品技术的开发,以及开发煤焦油脱水脱盐技术,进一步完善、配套煤焦油加氢转化技术。     

利福平化学合成环合反应体系水量控制的研究

有机合成反应的影响因素多,容易产生副反应,直接影响主产物的得率。利福平合成反应过程中环合反应要求在无水条件先进行,而参加反应的原料之一的二羟甲基叔丁胺（DMB）在反应体系中会分解产生水,不利于环合反应的正进行,并且影响到合成反应的收率,控制利福平合成反应过程中环合反应体系中的水分是提高利福平合成总收率的关键之一。因此,本文对利福平合成的反应机理、合成工艺及工艺配套设备进行了较为详细的研究,获得了一系列有实际价值的数据和结论,对控制环合反应体系水分的研究取得了突破性的进展,使利福平合成收率得到了大幅度的提高。     

UNIPOL PE气相流化床工艺冷凝态操作冷剂浓度分析

通过对神华包头煤化工聚乙烯装置冷凝态操作的研究,同时结合在实际生产过程中的操作经验,详细阐述了聚合反应热量动态平衡原理及冷凝态操作特点,并从异戊烷浓度对露点、反应系统稳定控制、催化剂活性、产品质量及静电控制等反应参数的影响进行分析,肯定了冷凝态操作对气相流化床工艺操作能力的优化及提升。     

水解酸化SBR工艺处理污泥的研究

为了提高污泥水解酸化产酸率,采用SBR工艺处理污水厂污泥,研究了不同水力停留时间时间隔排泥天数(决定生物固体停留时间)对污泥水解酸化过程的影响。结果表明,在HRT 6.6d和HRT 3d时,污泥产酸率随着排泥间隔天数的增加而增加。排泥间隔天数2d时达最大,分别为135.62mg/g、125.61mg/g;排泥间隔天数3d时,污泥产酸率稍有下降。HRT 4.4d,污泥产酸率随着排泥间隔天数的增加而增加。排泥间隔天数3d时,污泥产酸率达57.88mg/g。所以,最优工况为HRT6.6d、排泥间隔天数2d的运行方式。